By Johnny Amundson
Few conflicts are as aptly described to be in a state of permacrisis as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The years 2018, 2014, 2005, 1987, 1982, 1973, 1972, 1967, 1956, and 1948 signify their own crises. 2023, for its part, was a particularly deadly year in occupied Palestine even before Hamas’ attack on October 7th and Israel’s subsequent bombardment, full blockade, and invasion of the Gaza Strip.[i] Narratives put forth by Israelis and Palestinians to legitimate one course of action or another fight for international attention, including in Russia and the United States — who are themselves at odds once again over Russia’s illegal invasion of Ukraine. At the same time, the militaries of both countries are active in West Asia. This paper will examine how Russian and American TV news discuss the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Literature Review & Methodology
Three episodes of NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt and three episodes of Pervyĭ Kanal (“Channel One”, hereafter 1TV)’s Evening News (two of which were hosted by Ekaterina Berezovskaya and one by Andrei Ukharev) were selected and analyzed for the purposes of this paper; the rationale for selecting media outlets and episodes as well as the criteria for analysis are discussed below. 1TV and NBC were chosen as they are popular in their respective countries and share important similarities: both are geared toward domestic audiences, constitute basic cable channels available to the public at large, and have a wide variety of programming including sports, comedies, dramas, game shows, reality TV, news, and more. One important difference to note is ownership: 1TV’s largest owner is the Russian government, and NBC is a subsidiary of Comcast Corporation, an American multinational corporation.
The three set of episodes correspond to three newsworthy events: Israel’s announcement of its ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on October 27, 2023, the end of the seven-day truce on December 1, 2023, and Israel’s killing of a Hamas leader outside Beirut, Lebanon accompanied with a terrorist attack in Iran that killed 84 people — for which the Islamic State later claimed credit — on January 3, 2024. It should be noted that I analyzed the first available nightly news program on 1TV following the announcement of the ground invasion aired on October 28, 2023, a Saturday. This meant that the Ukharev hosted instead of Berezovskaya. Due to the time difference, the first available nightly news program on NBC after the announcement was on October 27.
Framing: The framing of news stories is an insightful tool in gauging the level and direction of bias of news reporting. It is worth quoting Robert Entman at length as his 1993 article has proven highly influential:
Framing essentially involves selection and salience. To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.[ii]
In other words, news-creators — consciously or otherwise — highlight one perspective over another through methods such as repetition, source selection, omission, cultural signifiers, headlines, proximity to the top of the story, word selection, and others. According to Entman, news frames define problems, assign causality, make moral judgments, and recommend solutions. When one problem definition is made more salient than another definition (or one causal agent more than another agent, and so on), then the news consumer is more likely to recognize and internalize one interpretation over another. Though news frames are not omnipotent, Entman sees them as “the imprint of power — it registers the identity of actors or interests that competed to dominate the text.”[iii]
When analyzing news frames across languages, as this paper does, it is important to go beyond the literal understanding of the languages and also consider the cultural and political context.[iv] Indeed, Dimitrova and Strömbäck’s multi-country analysis of coverage of the initial phase of the US invasion of Iraq suggests that national political environments play a significant role in the news’ framing of war, especially when news outlets rely heavily on official government sources.[v]
In analyzing how sources were framed, I coded two variables: quotes and paraphrases of sources (e.g., government representetives, military leaders, and civilians) . If a single quote or paraphrase used multiple frames, a primary frame and secondary frame were chosen based on what was most salient. Fourteen news frames were identified based on the frameworks in Dimitrova and Strömbäck’s aforementioned study and Joya Chakraborty, Anjuman Borah, and Muktikam Hazarika’s framing analysis of coverage on ethnic conflicts and seperatist movements.[vi] Some important frames that might have an unclear definition include: conflict (focuses on military action, strategy, and equipment); humanitarian (focuses on the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, now or in the recent past); responsibility (states who are responsible for an event); human interest (incorporates a human face and emphasizes the individual); and prognostic (discusses the future, including possible consequences and possible solutions).
Flow: In his comprehensive history and analysis of television and broadcast technology, Raymond Williams details the importance of ‘flow’ when analyzing TV content. Flow, to Williams, is sequencing; one word, shot, segment, or show after the other. Williams argues that flow is one of the key distinguishers between television and other media, such as a movie, a book, or a sporting event. The latter are all “discrete events” with “specific and in some degree temporary” social relationships.[vii] Television, on the other hand, brings all these events in “a single dimension and in a single operation,” back-to-back-to-back.[viii]
Williams identifies three levels of flow: Long-range flow, medium-range flow, and close-range flow. Long-range flow concerns the ordering of a day’s worth of TV programs; e.g. drama, news, game show, drama. Medium-range flow zooms into the sequencing within a program. Williams examined relationships between segments of a news program including commercial breaks. He explored how these individual parts can share themes and meaning, noting that American TV news (at the time) appeared less deliberately arranged than its British counterpart. Close-range flow brings attention to individual words, sentences, and shots, showing how repetition can convey meaning. Because the viewer’s interpretation of a show, advertisement or news segment can be impacted by what precedes or follows it, Williams argues that analyzing only individual units is insufficient.
To analyze long-range flow, I looked at the TV listings for January 3, 2024 on 1TV and NBC. I watched an episode of a new hour-long celebrity gameshow on 1TV that immediately followed the evening news from January 2–5, which is an important holiday week in Russia. The gameshow premiered on 1TV in the fall of 2023 and aired each Saturday until this particular holiday week. The show is called I Love my Country, and it is the Russian version of a Dutch TV show I love Holland. The United Kindgom, Ukraine, Saudi Arabia, China, and many other countries have had their own versions of the show.
To analyze medium-range flow, I watched the entirety of all three nightly news episodes on both channels to look for points of comparison. Although Williams was also interested in how commercials played a role in informing news programs, commercials were not available for the online version on 1TV and NBC and, therefore, were not analyzed.[ix]
Gender: In summarizing the academic literature at the intersection of gender, media, and security in his 2017 article, “Gender, Media and Security,” Romy Fröhlich identified common tropes of how women are portrayed by news media during times of insecurity, especially armed conflict; these tropes will be useful in analyzing how 1TV and NBC depict women in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Fröhlich notes how women are rarely presented as an acting subject. Men are often shown as the promoters of war, women are peace-loving and suffer from violence. In other words, men are portrayed as the protectors, and women as those in need of protection. This is compounded by the trend in war reporting that decentralizes the individual and instead presents victims as “anonymous masses.”[x] Stories specifically about the security of women are therefore further ignored. I examined the episodes utilizing these tools for the portrayal of gender.
Main Findings
NBC covered the Israeli-Palestinian conflict more than 1TV. Each NBC Nightly News episode had two to four segments that either directly dealt with or mentioned the conflict. 1TV had one segment per episode, and, apart from the more comprehensive segment on October 28, the two following episodes spent less than a minute each discussing the conflict. This, perhaps, makes sense when considering the United States (“US”) is critically involved in the conflict, arming and providing diplomatic and military cover for Israel. Russia, on the other hand, has limited participation in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and is waging its own war in Ukraine — the news of which took up large parts of 1TV airtime in the episodes I coded.
Both 1TV and NBC failed to provide the necessary context to understand the conflict. In the episodes I coded for both channels, the history of the conflict went only as far back as October 7, 2023. Even before Hamas’ October 7 attacks, 2023 was on track to be the deadliest year for Palestinian children at the hands of Israeli forces in the West Bank since the UN began recording this data in 2005; it was on pace to surpass 2022, which had been the deadliest year on record.[xi] NBC used the word ‘occupied’ only once, 1TV did not mention the occupation, and neither outlet provided viewers with context to what Israel’s illegal military occupation looks like for Palestinians. This lack of context serves to mystify the root causes of the most recent escalation, which Amnesty International considers to be Israeli “apartheid” and a “blockade on Gaza.” In an editorial, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz similarly laid the blame on Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and his government of “annexation and dispossession” which “openly ignored the existence and rights of Palestinians.[xii]
Frames: Two differences are immediately apparent in how sources are framed on 1TV and NBC news. The first is the scarcity of human-interest frames on 1TV (3%), whereas 47% of sources on NBC are framed in this category. Human-interest frames highlight individuals in war coverage who are usually ‘anonymous masses,’ so the frames play an important role in humanizing the subjects being reported on.
Despite the lack of human-interest frames during Israeli-Palestinian segments on 1TV, the channel did employ human-interest frames in multiple segments reporting on Russian soldiers involved in Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In the episodes analyzed, 1TV never used human-interest frames for Ukrainians who opposed or were harmed by Russia’s invasion. Of the four parties in the two conflicts (i.e. Israel, Palestine, Russia, and Ukraine), 1TV humanized only individuals on the Russian side while covering the other three sides as ‘anonymous masses.’
On NBC there was — until the final episode — a reasonably equitable distribution of human-interest quotes by Jews and Palestinians, both in America and abroad.[xiii] After coding the third episode, however, a segment involving interviews with Orthodox-Jewish Israeli soldiers and family members led to the appearance of a pro-war secondary frame. This secondary frame was paired with 22% of human-interest primary frames on NBC (see Figure 2). Those interviewed spoke of “the way to live the real religious life” and their “duty and obligation as an observant Jew” to fight in Israel’s army.[xiv] This means that NBC humanized members on the Israeli side of the conflict in 55% of quotes or paraphrases whose primary frame was human-interest; for Palestinians it was 26%. Figure 1 shows how NBC’s most common primary frame was human- interest (46%). If this primary frame is separated by secondary frames (see Figure 2) that support the Israeli point of view (i.e. hostages, Jewish Americans, and pro-war) and those that do not, then this new pro-Israeli human-interest frame constitutes the most used frame by NBC (26%).
The second major difference was that 1TV never framed a source as pro-war, and, in fact, the anti-war frame was their most commonly used primary frame (28%). NBC, on the other hand, used an anti-war frame just once (2%). Notably, the anti-war frame was not used by either news outlet except in the first episode. On 1TV the discussion of anti-war protests around the world and calls for a ceasefire at the United Nations (UN) were the visuals by which this frame was used. 1TV used the anti-war frame to show that Russia was voting with the “overwhelming majority” of countries in the UN by calling for a ceasefire, while “Western partners continue to only see one side of the problem.”[xv] In coded episodes, NBC did not discuss anti-war protests, nor did they discuss the US’ Ambassador to the UN voting against a ceasefire resolution.
The responsibility frame is also worth addressing as it is a key way in which the two outlets highlight causality of unfolding events for their audiences. The frame (whether primary or secondary) was used by 1TV in 13% of sources and by NBC in 23%. Both employed the responsibility frame to report what the Israeli and Palestinian sides were saying as well as to criticize official state enemies. NBC used the frame to blame Iran for allegedly helping Hamas plan its attack on October 7.[xvi] Notably, it also used the frame once to blame the US State Department for not doing enough to help Americans who were unable to leave Gaza.[xvii] 1TV, for its part, used the frame to assign blame to Western governments for their vetoing of a ceasefire resolution at the UN and the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Gaza.[xviii]
1TV deployed the anti-West responsibility argument in a slightly contradictory way later in the episode: a correspondent prefaced a quote made by Israel’s Permanent Representative to the UN, Gilad Erdan, by sympathetically noting that he had had a tough day. He is then shown speaking before the UN: “Today is a day that will go down in infamy. We have all witnessed that the UN no longer holds even one ounce of legitimacy or relevance.” Immediately after Erdan’s quote, Israel is shown as a victim, justifiably not taking a step back.[xix]
1TV producers could have chosen to show other parts of Erdan’s speech, such as when he says that Israel has a right to defend itself and that atrocities like the October 7 attack must be prevented from happening again.[xx] This alternative quote, in fact, would have tied in nicely with the immediately preceding and following sections which mentioned Hamas’ attack. 1TV’s decision to quote that section of Erdan’s speech could very easily produce in viewers doubts of the UN’s legitimacy. By portraying Israeli actions as justifiable and the Israeli UN represenative as sympathetic, 1TV seems to contradict the earlier part of the segment where Western countries were criticized for stopping the UN form taking action. Some sort of coherency can be found, however, if 1TV is trying to delegitimize both the ‘West’ and international organizations. [xxi]
Flow: Analyzing medium-range flow provides a space to examine this anti-West rhetoric in other segments. The large amount of airtime on 1TV that was dedicated to Russia’s (illegal) invasion of Ukraine included interviews of soldiers, demonstrations of military equipment, and quotes from Russian officials on how well the “special military operation” was going. The national origin (e.g., German, American) of Ukrainian equipment being destroyed was often mentioned, along with battlefield video of the equipment being blown up. “Anti-Russian sanctions” from the West were also shown to be criticized by Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó.[xxii] While 1TV did show and discuss the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, they never showed scenes of destruction in Ukraine after Russian rocket attacks. A Russian viewer of 1TV might easily believe that the war in Ukraine is going swimmingly for Russia without drawing a comparison between the suffering in Gaza and the suffering in Ukraine.
As for NBC, many segments were partially tied to the ongoing conflict between Israel and occupied Palestine. One example is a segment on the five-year anniversary of the Tree of Life shooting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, an anti-Semitic terrorist attack, which was the deadliest anti-Semitic attack in US history.[xxiii] The segment began by showing what the synagogue was doing to honour the victims and then interviewed a member whose father had been killed in the attack. Then, the segment discusses how Hamas’ October 7 attacks brought back the feelings associated with the attack from five years earlier. The correspondent asks Jeff Finkelstein, the CEO of Pittsburgh’s Jewish Federation, if he is ever afraid to be Jewish.[xxiv] NBC decontextialized the Pittsburgh attack by not mentioning the motive of the attacker: far-right, anti-immigration ideology.[xxv] By mixing the anniversary of the shooting with the Hamas attacks without discussing the political context, viewers might easily (and incorrectly) believe that the most serious threat to Jewish people in the US is Islamist — and not far-right — terrorism.
Taking the long-range view of flow into consideration brings attention to the game show on 1TV, ‘I Love my Country’ that immediately followed the January 3, 2024 evening news episode. The gameshow opened with the theme song, a live power-ballad duet containing the following lyrics: “The best in the world, my Russia. I value her, I belong to her, and I will proudly say ‘I love my country.’” Musicians are shown on screen followed by shots of the crowd, dressed in traditional New Year garb and waving Russian flags. The host then comes on and presents a fun fact — Russia and Pluto are comparable in terms of square kilometres — and then introduces the band, the two competing teams, and explains the game. The celebrity teams compete to answer questions on topics such as Russian history, language, and film.[xxvi] In discussing long-range flow, Williams highlights how shows can be affected by the programming that precedes and follows.[xxvii] This can be applied to how the patriotism that I Love my Country tries to instill in viewers could certainly affect the way one might interpret the news one has just watched, especially as Russian government officials were featured prevalently.
The two hours preceding and following the nightly news on NBC and the hour following was dedicated to local news. Since local news is, by definition, not broadcast to the whole country, it would be difficult to conduct a representative analysis of long-range flow.
Gender: 1TV’s coverage of women adhered to the summary laid out by Fröhlich. Much of 1TV’s reporting was ‘anonymous masses’, and the only time women did play a visible role, was when their protection was used as justification for Israel not stopping the war. In discussing the October 7 attacks, a 1TV correspondent said, “1400 guilty-of-nothing Israelis killed, captive women, children, and the elderly, rockets falling every day on Israel don’t allow for a step backwards.”[xxviii] The video accompanying this audio shows a little Israeli girl screaming as a Hamas rocket explodes within earshot. Although the host for 1TV was a woman in two of the three episodes, the only interviewees who were shown speaking were men. Once, the host paraphrased a Lebanese representative to the UN who, as could be seen in the video, is a woman.[xxix] All other paraphrases or quotes by the host were either from men or did not mention the speaker’s gender.
The prevalence of human-interest segments in NBC’s coverage allowed for the security of women to be highlighted more when compared with 1TV. One such example is an interview in the first episode with Abdula, a Palestinian American whose wife, daughter, and two sons were stuck in Gaza.[xxx] Building on Fröhlich’s summary, women and children in this interview were shown in danger and not ‘acting subjects’.[xxxi] The husband was shown as wanting to protect his family but unable to. The danger faced by the wife and daughter were not, however, used as justification for Palestinians to fight in the same way that Israeli women were shown as a reason for Israel to keep fighting in the aforementioned 1TV segment. Instead, the NBC correspondent “[hoped] someone steps up to bring his family and all the other Americans home.”[xxxii]
The trope of women as peace-loving, as identified by Fröhlich, was subverted by an interview with a mother and father whose son, an Israeli soldier, was killed in battle. This was part of the aforementioned segment about Orthodox-Jewish Israeli soldiers. In this segment, men are shown as fighters and active participants, following the expectations laid out by Fröhlich.[xxxiii] The mother, however, is not shown as ‘peace-loving’, as she took an active role of ‘sending’ herson into battle. The mother said, “If you ask me if I would do it again, yeah, I would send him again because this is our land, and this is what we have to do.”[xxxiv]
Although the correspondent notes that the parents live in Mitzpe Yericho “in the occupied West Bank,” he does not explain for the viewers what that means, for example, that these settlements contravene international law.[xxxv] Nor does the correspondent, in the interview or via voiceover, push back against the mother’s justification for fighting, “this is our land,” when it in fact is not their land. The village was constructed for Israeli settlers on land seized from the indigenous Palestinian population (both Muslim and Bedouin) in the locality known as Nabi Musa outside of Jericho in the occupied West Bank.[xxxvi] A viewer who does not possess much background knowledge might reasonably agree with her justification for fighting when it is presented out of context and goes unchallenged, as NBC did.
Conclusion
News reporting on conflicts often ignores individual stories in favor of ‘anonymous masses’ and war strategy. 1TV’s coverage conformed to this observation, presenting a quote from a private individual only once. Most sources on NBC were private individuals instead of official sources. By presenting quotes and paraphrases from pro-Israeli private individuals twice as often as pro-Palestinian private individuals, NBC humanized the Israeli side of the conflict more so than the Palestinian side. One other major difference in how the two channels framed sources is that 31% of quotes and paraphrases on 1TV were framed anti-war, whereas only 2% of quotes and paraphrases on NBC were framed in that way; in fact, NBC used the pro-war frame (11%) much more often. Both channels used the responsibility frame to criticize geopolitical rivals: 1TV against the ‘West’ and NBC against Iran.
1TV covered both the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, and in coverage of both employed rhetoric critical of the ‘West’. The channel did highlight the humanitarian crisis caused by Israel’s bombing and invasion of the Gaza Strip, but it never extended the same critical lens to the humanitarian crisis caused by Russia’s bombing and invasion of Ukraine. On NBC, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was tied to other segments covering domestic issues, for example the segment on the five-year commemoration of those killed at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. NBC recontextualized the attack by not mentioning the far-right, anti-immigrant ideology of the attacker while also thematically connecting the Pittsburgh attack with Hamas’ October 7 attack. Taking the longer view of ‘flow’ into account, the ultra-patriotic game show I Love my Country that followed the third news broadcast on 1TV would likely influence how viewers interpreted the news, and vice-versa.
1TV’s depiction of gender conformed to general trends in conflict reporting described by Fröhlich. Stories involving women were rarely discussed, but when they were, the need to protect women was used as justification for Israel to continue fighting. For NBC, on the other hand, the frequent use of interviews of private individuals meant that many more stories involved women. As with 1TV, NBC at times presented women in need of saving. Other times, however, NBC’s depiction of women did not conform with trends described by Fröhlich. One example is when an Israeli mother is not shown as a passive peace-lover, but instead as actively having sent her son to the Israeli army.
Neither 1TV nor NBC provided the necessary context needed for quality coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. NBC’s preferential treatment of pro-Israeli narratives reflects other analyses of print and TV news coverage in the US since October 7, 2023.[xxxvii] 1TV did provide a more equitable treatment of pro-Israeli and pro-Palestinian narratives, but still failed to properly contextualize the conflict. The lack of airtime on 1TV dedicated to the conflict compared with NBC shows that the conflict was not considered as important to producers on 1TV.
Endnotes
[i]“West Bank: Spike in Israeli Killings of Palestinian Children,” Human Rights Watch, August 28, 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/08/28/west-bank-spike-israeli-killings-palestinian-children.
[ii] Robert M. Entman, “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43, no. 4 (Dec. 1993): 52, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
[iii] Entman, “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm,” 55.
[iv] Sumaya Al Nahed, “Breaking the Language Barrier? Comparing TV News Frames across Texts in Different Langauges,” Media, War & Conflict 11, no. 4 (2018): 407-420, https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635218784835.
[v] Daniela V. Dimitrova and Jesper Strömbäc, “Foreign Policy and the Framing of the 2003 Iraq War in Elite Swedish and US Newspapers,” Media, War & Conflict 1, no. 2 ( 2008): 203–220, https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635208090957.
[vi] Joya Chakraborty et al., “From Fractures to Frames: Conflict Reporting in Newspapers of Assam,” Global Media Journal — India Edition 6, no. 1&2 (2015): 1-18.
[vii] Raymond Williams, Television: Technology and Cultural Form (New York: Routledge, 1974), 88
[viii] Williams, Television: Technology and Cultural Form, 87.
[ix] Williams, Television: Technology and Cultural Form, 101-113.
[x] Romy Fröhlich, “Gender, Media and Security,” Routledge Handbook of Media, Conflict and Security, ed. Piers Robinson et al. (New York: Routledge, 2017), 29.
[xi] “West Bank: Spike in Israeli Killings of Palestinian Children,” Human Rights Watch, August 28, 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/08/28/west-bank-spike-israeli-killings-palestinian-children.
[xii] “Israel/OPT: Civilians on Both Sides Paying the Price,” Amnesty International, October 7, 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-opt-civilians-on-both-sides-paying-the-price-of-unprecedented-escalation-in-hostilities-between-israel-and-gaza-as-death-toll-mounts/;
Haaretz Editorial Board, “Netanyahu Bears Responsibility for This Israel-Gaza War,” Hareetz, October 8, 2023, https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/2023-10-08/ty-article-opinion/netanyahu-bears-responsibility/0000018b-0b9d-d8fc-adff-6bfd1c880000.
[xiii] A source can be presented using multiple frames. For example, if an official spokesperson blames Iran or Israel for something, multiple frames are used (i.e. the responsibility frame and the anti-Iran/anti-Israel frame). In such situations, the primary frame is the one that is most salient and the secondary frame is the one that is the second-most salient.
[xiv]NBC News, “Nightly News Full Broadcast – Jan. 3,” video, 18:01, YouTube, January 3, 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEVwaBcLLj0.
[xv] 1TV Evening News, “Vypusk novostej v 18:00 ot 28.10.2023,” video, 3:13, 1TV, October 28, 2023, https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2023-10-28/18:00#1.
[xvi] NBC News, “U.S. Conducts Airstrikes in Syria after Iranian-Backed Attacks on U.S. Troops,” video, 1:23, YouTube, October 27, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXRrLdDauKU&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPxGcKxM3KpDOKJFurvCErT0&index=375.
[xvii] NBC News, “Many Americans in Gaza Still Trying to Get Out amid Israel-Hamas War,” video, 1:32, YouTube, October 27, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd1M7nZdzB0&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPxGcKxM3KpDOKJFurvCErT0&index=372.
[xviii] 1TV Evening News, “Vypusk novostej v 18:00 ot 28.10.2023,” video, 3:36, 1TV, October 28, 2023, https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2023-10-28/18:00#1.
[xix] 1TV Evening News, “Vypusk novostej v 18:00 ot 28.10.2023,” video, 5:12, 1TV, October 28, 2023, https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2023-10-28/18:00#1.
[xx] Gilad Erdan (@gilanerdan1), “Today is a day that will go down in infamy. We have all witnessed that the
@UN no longer holds even one ounce of legitimacy or relevance,” video, 0:32, Twitter, October 27, 2023, https://twitter.com/giladerdan1/status/1718024766106309061.
[xxi] The US has also been critical of the ICC. In 2002, George W Bush signed a law allowing for “all means necessary and appropriate” to secure the return of Americans and allies, should they be detained by the ICC, See
Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, American Service-Members Protection Act, Washington, DC: July 30, 2003, https://2001-2009.state.gov/t/pm/rls/othr/misc/23425.htm; In 2019, the Trump administration moved to deny visas into the US for ICC officials “who take or have taken action to request or further such an investigation [into military actions by Americans or allies in Afghanistan],” See
Michael Pompeo, “Remarks to the Press,”Secretary of State. Washington DC: March 15, 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20190320103449/https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2019/03/290394.htm.
[xxii] 1TV Evening News, “Vypusk novostej v 18:00 ot 28.10.2023,” video, 11:07, 1TV, October 28, 2023, https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2023-10-28/18:00#1.
[xxiii] NBC News, “Pittsburgh Honors Tree of Life Synagogue Shooting Victims Five Years Later” video, YouTube, October 27, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JHMpbOi4bw&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPxGcKxM3KpDOKJFurvCErT0&index=374.
[xxiv] NBC News, “Pittsburgh Honors Tree of Life Synagogue Shooting Victims Five Years Later,” video, 1:33, YouTube, October 27, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JHMpbOi4bw&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPxGcKxM3KpDOKJFurvCErT0&index=374.
[xxv] Dakin Adone, Jason Hanna, Joe Sterling, and Paul P. Murphy, “11 People Killed in Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting, Officials Say,” CNN, October 27, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20181028011343/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-active-shooter/index.html.
[xxvi] 1TV,“Ja ljublju moju stranu. Vypusk ot 03.01.2024,” video, 0:15, 1TV, January 3, 2024, https://www.1tv.ru/shows/ya-lyublyu-moyu-stranu/vypuski/ya-lyublyu-moyu-stranu-vypusk-ot-03-01-2024.
[xxvii] Williams, “Television: Technology and Cultural Form,” 96-100.
[xxviii] 1TV Evening News, “Vypusk novostei v 18:00 ot 28.10.2023,” 1TV, October 28, 2023, https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2023-10-28/18:00#1, 5:31.
[xxix] 1TV Evening News, “Vypusk novostej v 18:00 ot 03.01.2024,” video, 5:56, 1TV, January 3, 2024, https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2024-01-03/18:00#1.
[xxx] NBC News, “Many Americans in Gaza Still Trying to Get Out amid Israel-Hamas War,” video, YouTube, October 27, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd1M7nZdzB0&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPxGcKxM3KpDOKJFurvCErT0&index=372.
[xxxi] Romy Frohlich, “Gender, Media and Security,” in Routledge Handbook of Media, Conflict and Security, ed. Piers Robinson et al. New York (Routledge, 2017), 26.
[xxxii] NBC News, “Many Americans in Gaza Still Trying to Get Out amid Israel-Hamas War,” video, 1:49, YouTube, October 27, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd1M7nZdzB0&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPxGcKxM3KpDOKJFurvCErT0&index=372.
[xxxiii] Romy Frohlich, “Gender, Media and Security,” in Routledge Handbook of Media, Conflict and Security, ed. Piers Robinson et al. New York (Routledge, 2017), 26.
[xxxiv]NBC News, “Nightly News Full Broadcast – Jan. 3,” video, 18:28, YouTube, January 3, 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEVwaBcLLj0
[xxxv] “Chapter 3: Israeli Settlements and International Law,” Amnesty International, January 30, 2019, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/01/chapter-3-israeli-settlements-and-international-law/;
Eric Goldstein, “The Cost of Exposing Israel’s Illegal Settlements,” Human Rights Watch, September 7, 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/07/cost-exposing-israels-illegal-settlements.
[xxxvi] “An Nabi Musa Locality Profile,” The Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem, 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113352/http://vprofile.arij.org/jericho/pdfs/vprofile/An_Nabi_Musa_FINAL.pdf
[xxxvii] Adam Johnson and Othman Ali, “Coverage of the Gaza War in the New York Times and other Major Newspapers Heavily Favored Israel, Analysis Shows,” The Intercept, January 9, 2024, https://theintercept.com/2024/01/09/newspapers-israel-palestine-bias-new-york-times/#:~:text=Santiago%2FGetty%20Images-,Coverage%20of%20Gaza%20War%20in%20the%20New%20York%20Times%20and,of%20the%20assault%20on%20Gaza; Adam Johnson and Othman Ali, “’Massacred’ vs ‘Left to Die’: Documenting Media Bias Against Palestinians Oct 7 – Nov 7,” The Column, November 15, 2023, https://www.columnblog.com/p/massacred-vs-left-to-die-documenting.
References
1TV. “Ja ljublju moju stranu. Vypusk ot 03.01.2024.” Video, 1TV, January 3, 2024. https://www.1tv.ru/shows/ya-lyublyu-moyu-stranu/vypuski/ya-lyublyu-moyu-stranu-vypusk-ot-03-01-2024.
1TV Evening News. “Vypusk novostej v 18:00 ot 28.10.2023.” Video, 3:13, 1TV, October 28, 2023. https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2023-10-28/18:00#1.
Adone, Dakin, Hanna, Jason, Sterling, Joe, and Paul P. Murphy. “11 People Killed in Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting, Officials Say.” CNN, October 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028011343/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-active-shooter/index.html
Al Nahed, Sumaya. “Breaking the Language Barrier? Comparing TV News Frames across Texts in Different Languages.” Media, War & Conflict 11, no. 4 (Nov. 2018): 407–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635218784835.
“An Nabi Musa Locality Profile.” The Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113352/http://vprofile.arij.org/jericho/pdfs/vprofile/An_Nabi_Musa_FINAL.pdf
Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. American Service-Members Protection Act. Washington, DC: July 30, 2003. https://2001-2009.state.gov/t/pm/rls/othr/misc/23425.htm
Chakraborty, Joya, Borah Anjuman and Muktikam Hazarika. “From Fractures to Frames: Conflict Reporting in Newspapers of Assam.” Global Media Journal — India Edition 6, no. 1&2 (2015).
“Chapter 3: Israeli Settlements and International Law,” Amnesty International, January 30, 2019,https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/01/chapter-3-israeli-settlements-and-international-law/Dimitrova, Daniela V., and Jesper Strömbäck. “Foreign Policy and the Framing of the 2003 Iraq War in Elite Swedish and US Newspapers.” Media, War & Conflict 1, no. 2 (Aug. 2008): 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635208090957.
Entman, Robert M. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43, no. 4 (Dec. 1993): 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
Erdan, Gilad (@gilanerdan1). “Today is a day that will go down in infamy. We have all witnessed that the @UN no longer holds even one ounce of legitimacy or relevance.” Video, 0:32, Twitter, October 27, 2023. https://twitter.com/giladerdan1/status/1718024766106309061.
Fröhlich, Romy. “Gender, Media and Security.” In Routledge Handbook of Media, Conflict and Security, 42–55. Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315850979-11.Goldstein, Eric, “The Cost of Exposing Israel’s Illegal Settlements,” Human Rights Watch, September 7, 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/07/cost-exposing-israels-illegal-settlements
Gomis, Benoit. “ERE 1997: Terrorism and Counterterrorism in Western Europe” (lecture series,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Autumn 2023).
Haaretz Editorial Board. “Netanyahu Bears Responsibility for This Israel-Gaza War.” Haaretz, October 8, 2023. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/2023-10-08/ty-article-opinion/netanyahu-bears-responsibility/0000018b-0b9d-d8fc-adff-6bfd1c880000.
“Israel/OPT: Civilians on Both Sides Paying the Price.” Amnesty International, October 7, 2023. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-opt-civilians-on-both-sides-paying-the-price-of-unprecedented-escalation-in-hostilities-between-israel-and-gaza-as-death-toll-mounts/.
Johnson, Adam, and Othman Ali. “Coverage of the Gaza War in the New York Times and other Major Newspapers Heavily Favored Israel, Analysis Shows.” The Intercept, January 9, 2024. https://theintercept.com/2024/01/09/newspapers-israel-palestine-bias-new-york-times/#:~:text=Santiago%2FGetty%20Images-,Coverage%20of%20Gaza%20War%20in%20the%20New%20York%20Times%20and,of%20the%20assault%20on%20Gaza
Johnson, Adam, and Othman Ali. “’Massacred’ vs ‘Left to Die’: Documenting Media Bias Against Palestinians Oct 7 – Nov 7.” The Column, November 15, 2023. https://www.columnblog.com/p/massacred-vs-left-to-die-documenting.
Williams, Raymond. Television : Technology and Cultural Form. New York. Routledge, 1974.
NBC News. “Nightly News Full Broadcast – Jan. 3.” Video, YouTube, January 3, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEVwaBcLLj0
Pompeo, Michael. “Remarks to the Press.” Secretary of State. Washington DC: March 15, 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20190320103449/https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2019/03/290394.htm
Thomas, Quentin, Eames, Robert, Purvis, Stewart, Stephens, Philip, and Elizabeth Vallanceet. Report of the Independent Panel for the BBC Govenors on Impartiality of BBC Coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. London, England: Board of Governors of the BBC, April 11, 2006. https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/our_work/govs/panel_report_final.pdf
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Links for Episodes
1TV
Oct 28: https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2023-10-28/18:00#1
Dec 1: https://www.1tv.ru/news/2023-12-01/466217-vypusk_novostey_v_18_00_ot_01_12_2023
Jan 3: https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2024-01-03/18:00
NBC
Oct 27: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSX6FBIEOJg Link now broken. Three of four relevant segments available here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd1M7nZdzB0&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPxGcKxM3KpDOKJFurvCErT0&index=371 ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXRrLdDauKU&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPxGcKxM3KpDOKJFurvCErT0&index=374 ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JHMpbOi4bw&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPxGcKxM3KpDOKJFurvCErT0&index=373
Dec 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOlI560qpHA&list=PL0tDb4jw6kPyN_Umwu7oZK44EFq-nvdwu&index=112
I Love my Country, Jan 3, 2024: https://www.1tv.ru/-/nvgeuo